The default filament for 3D printing is PLA (polylactic acid), a biodegradable and eco-friendly material that is easy to use, affordable, and widely available. PLA is the most popular choice for beginners and hobbyists who want to create simple and fun 3D models. However, PLA is not the only option for 3D printing, and depending on your needs and preferences, you may want to explore other types of filaments that offer different properties and advantages. In this article, we will explain what filaments are, how they work, and what are the main types and characteristics of 3D printing materials.
Filaments are the raw materials that are used to create 3D objects using a process called fused deposition modeling (FDM). FDM is the most common and affordable 3D printing technology, which works by heating and extruding a plastic filament through a nozzle, layer by layer, onto a build platform. The filament is fed from a spool into the extruder, where it is melted and pushed out in a thin strand. The nozzle moves according to the instructions from a computer-aided design (CAD) file, which contains the 3D model of the object to be printed. The melted filament solidifies as it cools down, forming the shape of the object.
Filaments come in different diameters, colors, and materials, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The most common diameters are 1.75 mm and 2.85 mm, which are compatible with most 3D printers. The color of the filament determines the color of the printed object, unless you choose to paint it afterwards. The material of the filament affects the strength, flexibility, durability, appearance, and performance of the printed object, as well as the printing settings and conditions.
What are the main types and characteristics of 3D printing materials?
There are many types of 3D printing materials, each with its own properties and applications. Some of the most common and widely used are:
PLA (polylactic acid): As mentioned before, PLA is the default and most popular filament for 3D printing. It is made from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugar cane, and it is biodegradable and compostable. PLA is easy to print with, as it does not require a heated bed, has good adhesion, and has low shrinkage and warping. PLA is also relatively cheap and comes in a variety of colors and finishes. PLA is ideal for printing decorative objects, toys, prototypes, and low-stress parts. However, PLA is not very resistant to high temperatures, UV light, or chemicals, and it can become brittle over time.
ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene): ABS is another common filament for 3D printing, especially for more advanced and professional users. It is a petroleum-based plastic that is strong, durable, and flexible. ABS can withstand high temperatures, impacts, and abrasion, and it can be sanded, drilled, and glued. ABS is suitable for printing functional parts, such as gears, brackets, cases, and automotive components. However, ABS is more difficult to print with than PLA, as it requires a heated bed, good ventilation, and precise temperature control. ABS also tends to shrink and warp, causing cracks and delamination. ABS is also not eco-friendly, as it is not biodegradable and emits unpleasant and harmful fumes when heated.
PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol): PETG is a modified version of PET, the plastic used for water bottles and food containers. PETG is a clear and glossy filament that is strong, flexible, and resistant to chemicals and moisture. PETG combines the best of both PLA and ABS, as it is easy to print with, has low shrinkage and warping, and can withstand high temperatures and impacts. PETG is ideal for printing transparent or translucent objects, such as vases, lamps, and jewelry. PETG is also food-safe and recyclable, making it a more eco-friendly option than ABS.
TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane): TPU is a flexible and elastic filament that can bend, stretch, and twist without breaking. TPU is also resistant to abrasion, oil, and grease, and it can absorb shocks and vibrations. TPU is perfect for printing flexible and wearable objects, such as phone cases, belts, shoes, and gaskets. However, TPU is more challenging to print with than rigid filaments, as it requires a direct drive extruder, slow printing speed, and careful retraction settings. TPU is also more expensive and less available than other filaments.
These are just some of the most common types of filaments for 3D printing, but there are many more to choose from, such as wood, metal, carbon fiber, nylon, and silk. Each filament has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the best one for you depends on your 3D printer, your budget, your skill level, and your desired outcome. By experimenting with different filaments, you can discover new possibilities and create amazing 3D prints.
