The health risks of 3D printers are mainly related to the emissions of ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds, which can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems, as well as other adverse effects. 3D printers are becoming more popular and accessible in various settings, such as makerspaces, schools, libraries, and small businesses. However, users should be aware of the potential hazards associated with this technology and take appropriate measures to protect themselves and others.
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are tiny particles that have a diameter of less than 100 nanometers (nm). They are emitted by 3D printers during the heating and melting of thermoplastic materials, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA). UFPs can be inhaled and deposited in the lungs and other organs, where they can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage. UFPs can also enter the bloodstream and affect the heart and brain. Exposure to UFPs has been linked to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, stroke, and heart attack.
The amount and type of UFPs emitted by 3D printers depend on several factors, such as the printer model, the filament material, the printing temperature, the printing speed, and the ventilation of the printing area. Studies have found that ABS filament produces more UFPs than PLA filament, and that higher printing temperatures and speeds increase the emission rates. Moreover, some UFPs may contain toxic metals, such as lead, chromium, and nickel, which can pose additional health risks.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gaseous substances that evaporate from solid or liquid materials. They are emitted by 3D printers during the heating and melting of thermoplastic materials, as well as by the solvents and additives used in the filament production. VOCs can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat, cause headaches, dizziness, and nausea, and affect the central nervous system. Some VOCs, such as benzene, styrene, and formaldehyde, are also known or suspected carcinogens.
The amount and type of VOCs emitted by 3D printers depend on similar factors as UFPs, such as the printer model, the filament material, the printing temperature, the printing speed, and the ventilation of the printing area. Studies have found that ABS filament produces more VOCs than PLA filament, and that higher printing temperatures and speeds increase the emission rates. Moreover, some VOCs may react with other air pollutants, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides, to form secondary pollutants, such as particulate matter and smog, which can have further health impacts.
Other hazards
Besides UFPs and VOCs, 3D printers may also pose other health and safety hazards, such as:
Burns from hot surfaces, such as the print head, the heated bed, and the extruded material.
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light or laser beams, which can damage the eyes and skin, especially for resin-based printers.
Electrical shock from faulty wiring or improper grounding of the printer.
Mechanical injury from being struck by moving parts, such as the print head, the extruder, and the belts.
Noise and ergonomic hazards from prolonged use of the printer in noisy or uncomfortable environments.
To reduce the health risks of 3D printers, users should follow these recommendations:
Choose a printer and a filament material that have low emission rates of UFPs and VOCs, such as PLA over ABS.
Use the printer in a well-ventilated area, preferably with an exhaust fan or a filter system, to remove the pollutants from the indoor air.
Wear personal protective equipment, such as gloves, goggles, and respirators, when handling the printer and the filament, especially for resin-based printers.
Keep a safe distance from the printer and avoid touching the hot surfaces, the UV light, or the laser beam.
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions and safety guidelines for the proper operation and maintenance of the printer.
Seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms or signs of exposure to UFPs, VOCs, or other hazards.
Conclusion
3D printers are a useful and innovative technology that can create various objects from digital models. However, they also have health risks associated with the emissions of ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds, which can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems, as well as other adverse effects. Users should be aware of these risks and take appropriate measures to protect themselves and others. By following the recommendations above, users can enjoy the benefits of 3D printing while minimizing the potential hazards.
