PLA does release VOCs (volatile organic compounds) when heated, but they are much less toxic and harmful than those emitted by other 3D printing materials such as ABS. However, this does not mean that PLA fumes are completely safe or risk-free, especially for people with respiratory sensitivity or allergies. Therefore, proper ventilation and precaution are recommended when 3D printing with PLA.
VOCs are organic chemicals that can evaporate or vaporize at room temperature or under heat. They are present in many household products, such as paints, cleaners, cosmetics, and fuels. Some VOCs are also produced by natural sources, such as plants and animals. VOCs can have various effects on human health, depending on the type, concentration, and duration of exposure. Some common symptoms of VOC exposure include irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. Some VOCs are also known to cause cancer or damage the liver, kidney, or nervous system.
One of the sources of VOCs in indoor environments is 3D printing, which involves melting and extruding plastic filaments to create objects. Different types of filaments can emit different amounts and kinds of VOCs, depending on their chemical composition and processing temperature. For example, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) is a widely used 3D printing material that emits high levels of VOCs, such as styrene, acrylonitrile, and butadiene, which are all classified as carcinogens or potential carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). ABS also emits a large number of ultrafine particles (UFPs), which are tiny solid or liquid droplets that can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage.
How does PLA compare to other 3D printing materials in terms of VOC emissions?
PLA (polylactic acid) is another popular 3D printing material that is derived from renewable sources, such as corn starch, sugarcane, or cassava. PLA is often praised for its eco-friendliness, biodegradability, and low cost. PLA is also considered to be safer and less toxic than ABS in terms of VOC emissions. According to a study by 3Dsafety.org, PLA emits much fewer VOCs and UFPs than ABS, and the main VOC emitted by PLA is lactide, which is not on the list of harmful compounds by the IARC or the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). PLA also has a lower processing temperature than ABS, which reduces the amount of thermal degradation and VOC formation.
However, this does not mean that PLA is completely harmless or risk-free. PLA still emits some VOCs and UFPs, which may vary depending on the brand, quality, and color of the filament, as well as the printing parameters, such as speed, temperature, and layer height. PLA also emits a sweet smell when heated, which may be pleasant to some, but irritating or nauseating to others. Some people may also have allergic reactions to PLA or its additives, such as pigments or stabilizers. Furthermore, the long-term effects of PLA fumes on human health are still unknown, as there is a lack of comprehensive and conclusive research on this topic.
How to reduce the risks of PLA fumes?
The best way to reduce the risks of PLA fumes is to ensure good ventilation and air quality in the printing area. This can be achieved by using an exhaust fan, an air purifier, a window, or a door to remove or filter the fumes and particles from the indoor environment. It is also advisable to avoid staying in the same room as the 3D printer for long periods of time, especially if the printer is enclosed or poorly ventilated. Additionally, wearing a respirator or a mask that can block VOCs and UFPs can provide extra protection, especially for people with respiratory conditions or allergies. Finally, choosing a high-quality PLA filament that has been tested and certified for low VOC emissions can also help minimize the exposure and potential harm.
PLA is a widely used and environmentally friendly 3D printing material that emits much less toxic and harmful VOCs than other materials, such as ABS. However, PLA still releases some VOCs and UFPs, which may cause discomfort or health issues for some people, especially with prolonged or repeated exposure. Therefore, proper ventilation and precaution are recommended when 3D printing with PLA, as well as choosing a high-quality PLA filament that has been verified for low VOC emissions. By following these tips, you can enjoy 3D printing with PLA without compromising your health or safety.
