The short answer is yes, 3D printing can be toxic, depending on the type of material, printer, and environment. However, this does not mean that 3D printing is inherently dangerous or harmful. With proper precautions and awareness, 3D printing can be a safe and rewarding hobby or profession. In this article, we will explore the potential sources of toxicity in 3D printing, the health effects of exposure, and the best practices to minimize the risks.

Sources of toxicity in 3D printing

3D printing involves melting or curing various materials to create solid objects layer by layer. Depending on the material and the printing process, different types of chemicals, particles, and gases can be released into the air or the surface of the printed object. Some of these substances can be toxic or irritant to humans and animals, especially when inhaled or ingested.

The most common types of materials used in 3D printing are thermoplastics, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), and photopolymers, such as resin and wax. Thermoplastics are heated and extruded through a nozzle, while photopolymers are cured by light, usually ultraviolet (UV) or visible. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages, but also its own potential hazards.

Thermoplastics

Thermoplastics are generally considered safer than photopolymers, as they do not emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or odors. However, they can still produce ultrafine particles (UFPs), which are tiny solid particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream. UFPs can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular and respiratory problems. According to a study by the Illinois Institute of Technology, ABS emits 10 times more UFPs than PLA, and both emit more UFPs than typical indoor activities, such as cooking or burning candles.

Additionally, some thermoplastics may contain additives, such as colorants, stabilizers, or flame retardants, that can leach out of the printed object and contaminate the environment or the user. For example, ABS contains styrene, which is a possible carcinogen and can cause headaches, fatigue, and irritation. PLA is biodegradable and derived from renewable sources, such as corn or sugarcane, but it can also contain genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or heavy metals, such as lead or cadmium.

Photopolymers

Photopolymers are more versatile and precise than thermoplastics, as they can create complex shapes and details. However, they are also more hazardous, as they emit VOCs, which are gaseous compounds that can evaporate from the liquid resin or the cured object. VOCs can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, nausea, dizziness, and allergic reactions. Some VOCs, such as styrene, benzene, and formaldehyde, are also known or suspected carcinogens.

Moreover, photopolymers are often sticky and messy, and can spill or splash onto the skin, eyes, or clothing. This can cause skin irritation, burns, or sensitization. Some photopolymers, such as epoxy resin, can also cause allergic contact dermatitis, which is a chronic skin condition that can result in itching, redness, swelling, and blisters.

Health effects of exposure to 3D printing toxins

The health effects of exposure to 3D printing toxins depend on several factors, such as the type and amount of toxin, the duration and frequency of exposure, the route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact), and the individual’s susceptibility and sensitivity. Some people may experience no or mild symptoms, while others may develop serious or chronic conditions.

The most common symptoms of acute exposure to 3D printing toxins are:

• Eye, nose, and throat irritation
• Headaches
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Fatigue
• Coughing
• Wheezing
• Shortness of breath
• Skin irritation
• Skin burns
• Skin rashes

The most common symptoms of chronic exposure to 3D printing toxins are:

• Asthma
• Allergic rhinitis
• Sinusitis
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia
• Lung cancer
• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Liver damage
• Kidney damage
• Nervous system damage
• Reproductive system damage
• Developmental defects

Best practices to minimize the risks of 3D printing toxins

The good news is that 3D printing toxins can be avoided or reduced by following some simple and effective measures. Here are some of the best practices to minimize the risks of 3D printing toxins:

• Choose the safest material possible. PLA is generally safer than ABS, and resin is generally safer than wax. Avoid materials that contain harmful additives, such as lead, cadmium, or phthalates. Look for materials that have safety data sheets (SDS) or certificates of analysis (COA) that provide information on the composition, hazards, and precautions of the material.
• Use a well-ventilated and isolated area for 3D printing. Ideally, use a separate room with a window or an exhaust fan that can remove the air pollutants from the printing area. Do not print in your bedroom, living room, kitchen, or any other place where you or your family spend a lot of time. Do not print near food, drinks, pets, or plants. Keep the printer away from heat sources, such as radiators or stoves, that can increase the emission of toxins.
• Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling 3D printing materials and objects. Wear gloves, goggles, masks, and aprons to protect your skin, eyes, nose, mouth, and clothes from contact with the material. Use gloves that are resistant to the material, such as nitrile or latex for resin, and cotton or leather for thermoplastics. Use masks that are capable of filtering the particles and gases, such as N95 or P100 respirators. Dispose of the PPE properly after use, and wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
• Follow the manufacturer’s instructions and recommendations for 3D printing. Read the manual and the SDS of the printer and the material, and follow the guidelines for the temperature, speed, layer height, and other settings. Do not modify or tamper with the printer or the material, as this can affect the quality and safety of the printing process. Do not leave the printer unattended, and turn it off when not in use.
• Clean and maintain the printer and the printing area regularly. Remove any dust, debris, or residue from the printer and the printing surface, and wipe them with a damp cloth or a vacuum cleaner. Do not use compressed air, as this can spread the particles and gases. Replace any worn or damaged parts, such as the nozzle, the extruder, or the fan. Dispose of any waste material, such as the support structures, the rafts, or the failed prints, in a sealed container or a trash bag. Do not burn or melt the material, as this can release more toxins.
• Store the material in a cool, dry, and dark place. Keep the material in its original container or a resealable bag, and label it clearly. Do not expose the material to sunlight, heat, or moisture, as this can degrade the quality and safety of the material. Do not mix different materials, as this can cause chemical reactions or incompatibilities. Keep the material out of reach of children and pets.

Conclusion

3D printing is a fascinating and innovative technology that can create amazing objects and products. However, it can also pose some health risks, as it can release toxic or irritant substances into the air or the surface of the printed object. By choosing the safest material possible, using a well-ventilated and isolated area, wearing personal protective equipment, following the manufacturer’s instructions, cleaning and maintaining the printer and the printing area, and storing the material properly, you can enjoy 3D printing without compromising your health or the environment.