PLA is generally safe to use in 3D printing, but it still requires ventilation to avoid health risks. PLA (polylactic acid) is a biodegradable and eco-friendly material that is widely used in 3D printing. However, like any thermoplastic, PLA emits fumes and particles when heated, which can cause discomfort or allergic reactions in some people, especially those with respiratory sensitivity. Therefore, it is important to ensure good ventilation in the printing area, as well as proper filtration and extraction systems, to minimize the exposure to PLA fumes.
PLA fumes are the emissions that are released during the 3D printing process, when PLA filament is melted and extruded through the printer’s hot end. These fumes consist of various components, mainly ultrafine particles (UFPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Ultrafine Particles (UFPs)
UFPs are particles that are less than 0.1 micrometers in diameter, which can easily penetrate the lungs and enter the bloodstream. UFPs can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular toxicity, potentially affecting the lung function and increasing the risk of respiratory disorders. According to a study by Environmental Science & Technology, 3D printing with PLA can produce UFPs at a rate of 20 billion particles per minute[^1^][1].
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
VOCs are organic chemicals that evaporate at room temperature and can have various effects on human health, depending on the type and concentration of the compound. Some VOCs can cause irritation, headaches, nausea, dizziness, or even cancer. PLA is considered to have low VOC emissions compared to other materials, such as ABS, but it still contains some compounds, such as lactide, that can be harmful in high doses[^2^][2].
The best way to ventilate PLA fumes is to use a combination of methods, such as:
Printing in a well-ventilated area, such as near an open window or a fan, to allow fresh air to circulate and dilute the fumes.
Using a HEPA-filtered local exhaust ventilation system, placed near the printer, to capture and remove the fumes from the source[^3^][3].
Using a ventilated enclosure or a hood for the printer, to isolate and contain the fumes within a closed space, and then extract them with a fan or a duct[^4^][4].
Using a gas and vapor filter, in addition to the HEPA filter, to reduce the VOC emissions from PLA[^3^][3].
Wearing personal protective equipment, such as a respirator or a mask, to prevent inhaling the fumes directly.
Conclusion
PLA is a safe and environmentally friendly material for 3D printing, but it still requires ventilation to avoid health risks. PLA fumes are composed of UFPs and VOCs, which can cause respiratory problems or other adverse effects in some individuals, especially with long-term exposure. Therefore, it is advisable to use proper ventilation, filtration, and extraction systems, as well as personal protection, when printing with PLA.
